Logic & Mathematics
Gödel's incompleteness, probability, and calculus fundamentals — the rules underneath every other rule
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Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems
Kurt Gödel · Paper
Bayes' Theorem
Thomas Bayes (published by Richard Price) · Model
Turing Machines & the Halting Problem
Alan Turing · Paper
Russell's Paradox & the Foundations Crisis
Bertrand Russell · Paper
The Law of Large Numbers
Jacob Bernoulli / Andrey Kolmogorov · Theorem
Fractals & Self-Similarity
Benoît Mandelbrot · Book
The Monty Hall Problem & Conditional Probability
Steve Selvin / Marilyn vos Savant · Puzzle
P vs NP & Computational Complexity
Stephen Cook / Leonid Levin · Paper